We are seeing this too in our CI pipelines as well. As of Xcode 14, when uploading to iTC, no Apple generated dSYMS are being generated for download. We found that uploading the dSYM generated locally directly to Firebase was the way forward.
As for Firebase not being able to process what you give it is odd. As long as the Bundle ID and MARKETING_VERSION are in sync, there should be no reason the mapping can't occur.
I'd reach out Google directly and ask them whats up. I've found their turnaround and quality of support to be pretty good wrt Firebase.