Generally speaking, your shapeNode conversion should work.
It's possible that you are experiencing either a layering problem (triangles are behind the main background color - check the zPosition on your spriteNodes), or the conversion of the shapeNode to a texture isn't working as you would expect. I ran into similar problems with shapeNodes in my game.
One thing you could do to troubleshoot is to use Playgrounds to build and convert a shapeNode to a texture, then add it to a scene in the Playground. If that doesn't work (just like in your app), then you have a nice laboratory where you can try different things to figure out what is causing the problem. If I recall correctly, one of the problems that I ran into had to do with positioning of a shapeNode and/or its converted texture. There might be other valid reasons why your triangles aren't showing, but the Playground approach should help you explore various possibilities.