We are seeing an influx in users running into issues with universal links opening to the browser. While this is a fix to that issue, we are struggling to identify what could be causing launch services to be disabled for our app (but just for some users). A part from a user at some point explicitly tapping "Open in Safari" Any suggestions for what could be disabling these? We've noticed some of these users are using a 3rd party browser instead of safari as default, not sure if that is related.

Ok great! Thanks for this info, it is very easy to reproduce our issue now. Does Apple Intelligence write these preferences? This user is on a device with it enabled, and has many apps listed with either enabled = 1 or enabled = 0 when I compare that to a sysdiagnose from a device which doesn't support Apple Intelligence there aren't any apps listed under that "settings" section.