In my case, the issue occurred after installing an app with the same bundle identifier that was installed through TestFlight.
I removed the TestFlight version of the app, ran this command, and the extension appeared again:
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister -kill -r -domain local -domain system -domain user
Topic:
Safari & Web
SubTopic:
General
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