This is an interesting idea, but I think it cannot be made to work.
At first glance, a number of issues come to mind...
Photo Library
The Photo Library does not provide a feature where it sends a system-wide notification that a new photo has been added.
PHPhotoLibraryChangeObserver
This refers specifically to assets or collections that your app fetches.
It can be used to synchronize a running app with the Photo Library.
Background Modes
The background operation of iOS apps is very limited.
The available Background Modes do not cover anything like this use-case.
Background Uploading
On receiving a notification while backgrounded, it is not possible to upload data without some user intervention (e.g. by responding to the notification)
Background Termination
Backgrounded apps can be removed from memory at any time, when iOS considers that it needs available resources for other tasks.
In this case, your app would just stop working (invisibly, i.e. with no warning).