I haven't been able to reduce it to a single file, but I've uploaded the Swift files I copied into the empty project here: https://github.com/enchantingmoon/EuclidDebug.
Another developer provided the following info with a Feedback ID: https://github.com/nicklockwood/Euclid/issues/107#issuecomment-1730491594
This seems to be an SDK issue (I've filed FB13195864):
The missing symbol is a variant of the internal __DataStorage.replaceBytes method that takes a Range, which, despite being added in iOS 17, is incorrectly marked as being ?>available back to iOS 8. The method is usable from inline, and a reference to it gets inlined into the app (via a couple layers of inlined framework code). And so the app crashes when >running pre-iOS 17 since method does not actually exist.