Thank you — that's helpful, and we want to confirm we understand the NFC & SE Platform correctly before pursuing it, because our data flow may differ from what NFC & SE states in the documentation: "Users of eligible iOS apps can initiate NFC transactions from within the app with compatible NFC terminals." To be precise about our use case: in our app, the iPhone is the reader. The end user taps their own physical contactless payment card to their iPhone, and our app reads the card's EMV response data (e.g. the application cryptogram and related ICC data) for account verification. This is not a payment, and the iPhone is not presenting a credential to a terminal. Outstanding question: Does the NFC & SE Platform provide any capability for an iPhone to act as the reader — i.e. to read EMV data from a physical card tapped to the iPhone — or is the platform limited to the iPhone presenting a provisioned Secure Element credential to an external terminal? If NFC & SE is presentment-only (SE credential → terminal), is there any Apple-supported API, in the US or other non-EU territories, by which a third-party app can read EMV data from a physical card tapped to the device — or is NFCPaymentTagReaderSession (EU-only) currently the sole API for that data flow? Thanks!

Also, does NFCPaymentTagReaderSession permit a non-payment authentication read of a payment AID, in the US or elsewhere, and what entitlement does it require?