You'll find the exact answer in app-store-export-archive-logs/xcodebuild-export-archive.log which you can download from XCodeCloud artifacts.
My particular issue was that it couldn't automatically register a bundle ID for my live activity. If you first do an archive directly from Xcode and upload that. Then that will create the bundle IDs for you - which it seems XcodeCloud can't.
Topic:
Developer Tools & Services
SubTopic:
Xcode Cloud
Tags: