Somebody replicated this on Sonoma, and apparently things work fine in Sequoia so this seems like a Sonoma-specific bug. I've submitted feedback on this but frankly I'm not holding my breath on this getting fixed any time soon, so ideas for workarounds would be greatly appreciated – I basically just need shortcuts list and shortcuts run, and I'd be completely fine putting together some hacky Swift/ObjC/C tool if I knew which APIs to use (even if they're private)

Apple closed my feedback on this as "fixed" since this works as expected in Sequoia and Tahoe, so apparently this will not be fixed in Sonoma. The community thread was also closed. I took this to mean that they will not be fixing this in Sonoma, which really isn't much of a surprise.