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Explore the networking protocols and technologies used by the device to connect to Wi-Fi networks, Bluetooth devices, and cellular data services.

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Network.framework UDP requiredLocalEndpoint/allowLocalEndpointReuse still broken in macOS 26
Just tried to re-run the code below (previously discussed https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/747815) and filed as bug: https://feedbackassistant.apple.com/feedback/13678278 Still broken on macOS 26 first beta. Any chance anything can be done about this @eskimo? thanks, Martin import Foundation import Network let localPort: NWEndpoint.Port = 12345 var connections: [NWConnection] = [] func startFlow(remotePort: UInt16) { let params = NWParameters.udp params.allowLocalEndpointReuse = true params.requiredLocalEndpoint = NWEndpoint.hostPort(host: "0.0.0.0", port: localPort) let conn = NWConnection(host: "93.184.216.34", port: .init(rawValue: remotePort)!, using: params) conn.stateUpdateHandler = { newState in print("connection \(remotePort) did change state, new: \(newState)") } conn.start(queue: .main) connections.append(conn) } func main() { startFlow(remotePort: 23456) startFlow(remotePort: 23457) dispatchMain() } main()
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105
Jun ’25
App occassionally crashing while connecting to public wifi
We are using the [NEHotspotHelper supportedNetworkInterfaces] to get the Wi-Fi interface in our app, but it occasionally crashes on some devices with the following stack trace: 0 CaptiveNetwork 0x0000000221d87a4c ServerConnectionGetHandlerQueue + 0 (ServerConnection.c:509) 1 CaptiveNetwork 0x0000000221d8577c CNPluginCopySupportedInterfaces + 180 (CNPlugin.c:457) 2 NetworkExtension 0x00000001b0446618 +[NEHotspotHelper supportedNetworkInterfaces] + 32 (NEHotspotHelper.m:563) It seems like the crash is happening on apple's api of supportedNetworkInterfaces. We would like to understand the cause of the crash.
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100
May ’25
How to Keep Cellular Data Active While Connected to a Local Hotspot for File Transfer?
Hi all, I’m developing a companion iOS app that connects to a device-created Wi-Fi hotspot to transfer videos or other files WebSocket. The challenge is: once the iPhone connects to this hotspot, it loses internet access because iOS routes all traffic through Wi-Fi. However, I’d like to keep the iPhone’s cellular data active and usable while staying connected to the local hotspot — so the app can access cloud APIs, or the user can continue using other apps that require internet access. I understand that iOS prioritizes Wi-Fi over cellular, but are there any supported workarounds or patterns (e.g., MFi programs, local-only Wi-Fi access, NEHotspotConfiguration behavior, etc.) that : • Using Wi-Fi only for local communication; • cellular to remain active for internet access. Any insights or Apple-recommended best practices would be greatly appreciated — especially any official references regarding MFi Accessory setup or NEHotspotConfiguration behavior in this context. Thanks in !
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127
Jun ’25
Issue with Multicast Response via NWConnectionGroup Behind a Firewall
Hello Everyone, I’m working on a project that involves multicast communication between processes running on different devices within the same network. For all my Apple devices (macOS, iOS, etc.), I am using NWConnectionGroup, which listens on a multicast address "XX.XX.XX.XX" and a specific multicast port. The issue occurs when a requestor (such as a non-Apple process) sends a multicast request, and the server, which is a process running on an Apple device using NWConnectionGroup (the responder), attempts to reply. The problem is that the response is sent from a different ephemeral port rather than the port on which the multicast request was received. If the client is behind a firewall that blocks unsolicited traffic, the firewall only allows incoming packets on the same multicast port used for the initial request. Since the multicast response is sent from a different ephemeral port, the firewall blocks this response, preventing the requestor from receiving it. Questions: Is there a recommended approach within the NWConnectionGroup or Network.framework to ensure that responses to multicast requests are sent from the same port used for the request? Are there any best practices for handling multicast responses in scenarios where the requestor is behind a restrictive firewall? Any insights or suggestions on how to account for this behavior and ensure reliable multicast communication in such environments would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, Harshal
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713
May ’25
NEHotspotNetwork headaches
I'm trying to use NEHotspotNetwork to configure an IoT. I've read all the issues that have plagued other developers when using this framework, and I was under the impression that bugs were filed and fixed. Here are my issues in hopes that someone can catch my bug, or has finally figured this out and it's not a bug in the framework with no immediate fix on the horizon. If I use the following code: let config = NEHotspotConfiguration(ssid: ssid) config.joinOnce = true KiniStatusBanner.shared.show(text: "Connecting to Kini", in: presentingVC.view) NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply(config) { error in DispatchQueue.main.async { if let nsError = error as NSError?, nsError.domain == NEHotspotConfigurationErrorDomain, nsError.code == NEHotspotConfigurationError.alreadyAssociated.rawValue { print("Already connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else if let error = error { // This doesn't happen print("❌ Failed to connect: \(error.localizedDescription)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Failed to Connect to Kini. Try again later.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) } else { // !!!! Most often, this is the path the code takes NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent { current in if let ssid = current?.ssid, ssid == self.ssid { log("✅✅ 1st attempt: connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else { // Dev forums talked about giving things a bit of time to settle and then try again DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 2) { NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent { current in if let ssid = current?.ssid, ssid == self.ssid { log("✅✅✅ 2nd attempt: connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else { log("❌❌❌ 2nd attempt: Failed to connect: \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Could not join Kini network. Try again.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) self.cleanupHotspot() DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 2) { print("cleanup again") self.cleanupHotspot() } } } } log("❌❌ 1st attempt: Failed to connect: \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Could not join Kini network. Try again.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) self.cleanupHotspot() } As you can see, one can't just use NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply and has to double-check to make sure that it actually succeeds, by checking to see if the SSID desired, matches the one that the device is using. Ok, but about 50% of the time, the call to NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent gives me this error: NEHotspotNetwork nehelper sent invalid result code [1] for Wi-Fi information request Well, there is a workaround for that randomness too. At some point before calling this code, one can: let locationManager = CLLocationManager() locationManager.requestWhenInUseAuthorization() That eliminates the NEHotspotNetwork nehelper sent invalid result code [1] for Wi-Fi information request BUT... three issues. The user is presented with an authorization alert: Allow "Kini" to use your location? This app needs access to you Wi-Fi name to connect to your Kini device. Along with a map with a location pin on it. This gives my users a completely wrong impression, especially for a device/app where we promise users not to track their location. They actually see a map with their location pinned on it, implying something that would freak out anyone who was expecting no tracking. I understand why an authorization is normally required, but since all we are getting is our own IoT's SSID, there should be no need for an authorization for this, and no map associated with the request. Again, they are accessing my IoT's network, NOT their home/location Wi-Fi SSID. My app already knows and specifies that network, and all I am trying to do is to work around a bug that makes it look like I have a successful return from NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply() when in fact the network I was looking for wasn't even on. Not only do I get instances where the network doesn't connect, and result codes show no errors, but I also get instances where I get an alert that says that the network is unreachable, yet my IoT shows that the app is connected to its Wi-Fi. On the iOS device, I go to the Wi-Fi settings, and see that I am on the IoT's network. So basically, sometimes I connect, but the frameworks says that there is no connection, and sometimes it reports a connection when there is none. As you can see in the code, I call cleanupHotspot() to make the iOS device get off of my temp Wi-Fi SSID. This is the code: func cleanupHotspot() { NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.removeConfiguration(forSSID: ssid) } That code gets called by the above code when things aren't as I expect and need to cleanup. And I also call it when the user dismisses the viewcontroller that is attempting to make the connection. It doesn't always work. I get stuck on the tempo SSID, unless I go through this whole thing again: try to make the connection again, this time it succeeds quickly, and then I can disconnect. Any ideas? I'm on iOS18.5, and have tried this on multiple iPhones including 11, 13 and 16.
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214
Nov ’25
Bonjour for discovering a specific device's ip
Hi, I'm new to swift programming and right now writing an app for esp8266-controlled lamp device. My lamp is broadcasting it's own IP through bonjour. So all I want is to discover any lamps in my network (http.tcp) and to read name and value. Is there any example of such implementation? All I found so far is old or a lit bit complicated for such simple question. Thanks in advance!
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16k
Dec ’25
IOS App tcp connect and local network permission
Recently, my application was having trouble connecting socket using TCP protocol after it was reinstalled. The cause of the problem was initially that I did not grant local network permissions when I reinstalled, I was aware of the problem, so socket connect interface worked fine after I granted permissions. However, the next time I repeat the previous operation, I also do not grant local network permissions, and then turn it back on in the Settings, and socket connect interfcae does not work properly (connect interface return errno 65, the system version and code have not changed). Fortunately, socket connect success after rebooting the phone, and more importantly, I was able to repeat the problem many times. So I want to know if the process between when I re-uninstall the app and deny local network permissions, and when I turn it back on in Settings, is that permissions have been granted normally, and not fake, and not required a reboot to reset something for socket coonnect to take effect.
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290
Jun ’25
NEFilterDataProvider + NEFilterControlProvider not catching in-app requests
Goal : Block all outbound connections to a static list of hosts (both In-app requests and WKWebView/Safari). App & both extensions have Network Extension entitlement with content-filter-provider and filter-control-provider What’s working: Safari and WKWebView requests matching the block list are dropped. What’s broken: In-app traffic never reaches the Data Provider—those requests always succeed. Setup: • NEFilterProviderConfiguration with both Data & Control providers, filterBrowsers = true, filterSockets = true • Data Provider implements handleNewFlow for socket/browser flows • Control Provider implements handleNewFlow for browser flows • Enabled via saveToPreferences() and toggled ON in Settings
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Jun ’25
Could not delete cookies on IOS18
Hello, I have encountered an issue with an iPhone 15PM with iOS 18.5. The NSHTTPCookieStorage failed to clear cookies, after clearing them, I was still able to retrieve them. However, on the same system NSHTTPCookie *cookie; NSHTTPCookieStorage *storage = [NSHTTPCookieStorage sharedHTTPCookieStorage]; for (cookie in [storage cookies]) { [storage deleteCookie:cookie]; } NSArray *cookies = [[NSHTTPCookieStorage sharedHTTPCookieStorage] cookiesForURL:[[self url] absoluteURL]]; // still able to get cookies,why???
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127
Jun ’25
DeviceDiscoveryUI notification for iPad says iPhone?
I have been polishing an app that connects and communicates between a tvOS app I created and a iPadOS app that I also created. Connection works fantastic! However, for some reason when the user selects the button to open the DevicePicker provided by this API and then selects a iPad device the notification that comes across the the iPad reads, "Connect your Apple TV to "AppName" on this iPhone. Is this a bug or am I missing some configuration in maybe Info.plist or a modifier I need to add the DevicePicker for it to communicate the proper device identification? I have everything setup in both app Info.plist files to connect and work fine, but the notification saying iPhone on an iPad is sadly a small detail I would love to change. So...not sure if I found a bug or if I am missing something.
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437
May ’25
Extracting IP with swift on visionOS
Hey everyone, I’m developing an app for visionOS where I need to display the Apple Vision Pro’s current IP address. For this I’m using the following code, which works for iOS, macOS, and visionOS in the simulator. Only on a real Apple Vision Pro it’s unable to extract an IP. Could it be that visionOS currently doesn’t allow this? Have any of you had the same experience and found a workaround? var address: String = "no ip" var ifaddr: UnsafeMutablePointer<ifaddrs>? = nil if getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == 0 { var ptr = ifaddr while ptr != nil { defer { ptr = ptr?.pointee.ifa_next } let interface = ptr?.pointee let addrFamily = interface?.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_family if addrFamily == UInt8(AF_INET) { if let name: Optional<String> = String(cString: (interface?.ifa_name)!), name == "en0" { var hostname = [CChar](repeating: 0, count: Int(NI_MAXHOST)) getnameinfo(interface?.ifa_addr, socklen_t((interface?.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_len)!), &hostname, socklen_t(hostname.count), nil, socklen_t(0), NI_NUMERICHOST) address = String(cString: hostname) } } } freeifaddrs(ifaddr) } return address } Thanks in advance for any insights or tips! Best Regards, David
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184
Jun ’25
Getting WIFI SSID
Greetings I'm trying to get on iPad the SSID from the wifi I'm connected to. For that, I added the wifi entitlement and I'm requesting permission to the user for Location. Once I have it, I'm using the function CNCopySupportedInterfaces to get the interfaces, but I can only receive the en0, which using the method CNCopyCurrentNetworkInfo returns nil. I also tried using the NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent and the SSID keeps being nil. So right now I'm drawing a blank. Is there any way to make it work? Thanks.
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544
May ’25
Unable to Intercept Inbound Traffic on macOS Using Network Extensions
Hi all, I have a requirement to intercept and modify inbound connections on macOS. For example, if I’m running a server on TCP port 8080 on macOS, I want to intercept all traffic to and from this port. I’m open to working at the level of TCP flows or even raw Ethernet packets, depending on what’s feasible. I’m already successfully using NETransparentProxy to intercept outbound traffic, but I haven’t found a way to handle inbound connections using any of the Network Extension APIs. Is there any supported or alternative approach for intercepting inbound traffic (via NE, NKEs, PF, or something else)? Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance!
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144
Jun ’25
Crashes in NEFilterPacketInterpose createChannel
Hello, Our users are seeing random crashes in our packet filter system extension on macOS. Any help pointing me in the right direction to either avoid the issue or fix it would be greatly appreciated. Attached is the crash log. Thank you. packetfilter.crash Crashed Thread: 2 Dispatch queue: com.apple.network.connections Exception Type: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGBUS) Exception Codes: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at 0x0000000112918700 Exception Note: EXC_CORPSE_NOTIFY Termination Signal: Bus error: 10 Termination Reason: Namespace SIGNAL, Code 0xa Terminating Process: exc handler [40687] ... Thread 2 Crashed:: Dispatch queue: com.apple.network.connections 0 libsystem_kernel.dylib 0x00007fff2089b46e os_channel_get_next_slot + 230 1 com.apple.NetworkExtension 0x00007fff2e2e2643 __40-[NEFilterPacketInterpose createChannel]_block_invoke + 560 2 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20718806 _dispatch_client_callout + 8 3 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff2071b1b0 _dispatch_continuation_pop + 423 4 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff2072b564 _dispatch_source_invoke + 2061 5 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20720318 _dispatch_workloop_invoke + 1784 6 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20728c0d _dispatch_workloop_worker_thread + 811 7 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff208bf45d _pthread_wqthread + 314 8 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff208be42f start_wqthread + 15
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1.5k
Jun ’25
WebAuthenticationSession under a carrier-provided satellite network?
(related post: How to optimize my app for for a carrier-provided satellite network? ) I am trying to implement an app so that it works under a carrier-provided satellite network. The app uses (AS)WebAuthenticationSession for signing in. If the app is entitled to access a satellite network, will (AS)WebAuthenticationSession work as well? How about WKWebView and SFSafariViewController? Is there a way to test(simulate) a ultra-constrained network on a device or a simulator to see the expected behavior? Thanks,
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485
Jul ’25
URLSession download looping indefinitely until it times out
Hi, I’m trying to download a remote file in the background, but I keep getting a strange behaviour where URLSession download my file indefinitely during a few minutes, without calling urlSession(_:downloadTask:didFinishDownloadingTo:) until the download eventually times out. To find out that it’s looping, I’ve observed the total bytes written on disk by implementing urlSession(_:downloadTask:didWriteData:totalBytesWritten:totalBytesExpectedToWrite:). Note that I can't know the size of the file. The server is not able to calculate the size. Below is my implementation. I create an instance of URLSession like this: private lazy var session: URLSession = { let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.background(withIdentifier: backgroundIdentifier) configuration.isDiscretionary = false configuration.sessionSendsLaunchEvents = true return URLSession(configuration: configuration, delegate: self, delegateQueue: nil) }() My service is using async/await so I have implemented an AsyncThrowingStream : private var downloadTask: URLSessionDownloadTask? private var continuation: AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt;.Continuation? private var stream: AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt; { AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt; { continuation in self.continuation = continuation self.continuation?.onTermination = { @Sendable [weak self] data in self?.downloadTask?.cancel() } downloadTask?.resume() } } Then to start the download, I do : private func download(with request: URLRequest) async throws -&gt; (URL, URLResponse) { do { downloadTask = session.downloadTask(with: request) for try await (url, response) in stream { return (url, response) } throw NetworkingError.couldNotBuildRequest } catch { throw error } } Then in the delegate : public func urlSession(_ session: URLSession, downloadTask: URLSessionDownloadTask, didFinishDownloadingTo location: URL) { guard let response = downloadTask.response, downloadTask.error == nil, (response as? HTTPURLResponse)?.statusCode == 200 else { continuation?.finish(throwing: downloadTask.error) return } do { let documentsURL = try FileManager.default.url(for: .documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask, appropriateFor: nil, create: false) let savedURL = documentsURL.appendingPathComponent(location.lastPathComponent) try FileManager.default.moveItem(at: location, to: savedURL) continuation?.yield((savedURL, response)) continuation?.finish() } catch { continuation?.finish(throwing: error) } } I also tried to replace let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.background(withIdentifier: backgroundIdentifier) by let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.default and this time I get a different error at the end of the download: Task &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt; failed strict content length check - expected: 0, received: 530692, received (uncompressed): 0 Task &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt; finished with error [-1005] Error Domain=NSURLErrorDomain Code=-1005 "The network connection was lost." UserInfo={NSLocalizedDescription=The network connection was lost., NSErrorFailingURLStringKey=https:/&lt;host&gt;:8190/proxy?Func=downloadVideoByUrl&amp;SessionId=slufzwrMadvyJad8Lkmi9RUNAeqeq, NSErrorFailingURLKey=https://&lt;host&gt;:8190/proxy?Func=downloadVideoByUrl&amp;SessionId=slufzwrMadvyJad8Lkmi9RUNAeqeq, _NSURLErrorRelatedURLSessionTaskErrorKey=( "LocalDownloadTask &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt;" ), _NSURLErrorFailingURLSessionTaskErrorKey=LocalDownloadTask &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt;, NSUnderlyingError=0x300d9a7c0 {Error Domain=kCFErrorDomainCFNetwork Code=-1005 "(null)" UserInfo={NSErrorPeerAddressKey=&lt;CFData 0x302139db0 [0x1fcb1f598]&gt;{length = 16, capacity = 16, bytes = 0x10021ffe91e227500000000000000000}}}} The log "failed strict content length check” made me look into the response header, which has the following: content-length: 0 Content-Type: application/force-download Transfer-encoding: chunked Connection: KEEP-ALIVE Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary So it should be fine the way I setup my URLSession. The download works fine in Chrome/Safari/Chrome or Postman. My code used to work a couple of weeks before, so I expect something has changed on the server side, but I can’t find what, and I don’t get much help from the guys on the server side. Has anyone an idea of what’s going on?
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180
May ’25
Local Network Permission Inconsistencies in iOS 17.x and 18.x (Tested on iOS 18.6 beta)
We are developing an IoT companion app that connects to the IoT device's Wi-Fi network and communicates with it through local network APIs. To support this functionality, we have: Added the necessary keys in the Info.plist. NSLocalNetworkUsageDescription , NSBonjourServices Used a Bonjour service at app launch to trigger the local network permission prompt. Problem on iOS 18.x (including 18.6 beta) Even when the user explicitly denies the local network permission, our API communication still works. This is unexpected behavior, as we assume denying permission should restrict access to local network communication. We tested this with the latest iOS 18.6 beta (as per Thread 789461021), but the issue still persists. This behavior raises concerns about inconsistent permission enforcement in iOS 18.x. Problem on iOS 17.x In iOS 17.x, if the user accidentally denies the local network permission and later enables it manually via Settings, the change does not take effect immediately. The app cannot access the local network unless the device is restarted, which results in a confusing and poor user experience. Expected Behavior If local network permission is denied, local API communication should be strictly blocked. If the permission is later enabled via Settings, the app should regain access without requiring a device restart. Request We request clarification and resolution on: Why local network APIs are accessible even when permission is denied on iOS 18.x. Whether the delayed permission update (requiring restart) in iOS 17.x is expected or a known issue. Best practices to ensure consistent and predictable permission handling across iOS versions.
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Jun ’25
DNS Proxy Provider remains active after app uninstall | iOS
Hi, I've encountered a strange behavior in the DNS Proxy Provider extension. Our app implements both DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers extensions, configured via MDM. When the app is uninstalled, the behavior of the providers differs: For Content Filter Providers (both Filter Control and Filter Data Providers), the providers stop as expected with the stop reason: /** @const NEProviderStopReasonProviderDisabled The provider was disabled. */ case providerDisabled = 5 However, for the DNS Proxy Provider, the provider remains in the "Running" state, even though there is no app available to match the provider's bundle ID in the uploaded configuration profile. When the app is reinstalled: The Content Filter Providers start as expected. The DNS Proxy Provider stops with the stop reason: /** @const NEProviderStopReasonAppUpdate The NEProvider is being updated */ @available(iOS 13.0, *) case appUpdate = 16 At this point, the DNS Proxy Provider remains in an 'Invalid' state. Reinstalling the app a second time seems to resolve the issue, with both the DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers starting as expected. This issue seems to occur only if some time has passed after the DNS Proxy Provider entered the 'Running' state. It appears as though the system retains a stale configuration for the DNS Proxy Provider, even after the app has been removed. Steps to reproduce: Install the app and configure both DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers using MDM. Uninstall the app. Content Filter Providers are stopped as expected (NEProviderStopReason.providerDisabled = 5). DNS Proxy Provider remains in the 'Running' state. Reinstall the app. Content Filter Providers start as expected. DNS Proxy Provider stops with NEProviderStopReason.appUpdate (16) and remains 'Invalid'. Reinstall the app again. DNS Proxy Provider now starts as expected. This behavior raises concerns about how the system manages the lifecycle of DNS Proxy Provider, because DNS Proxy Provider is matched with provider bundle id in .mobileconfig file. Has anyone else experienced this issue? Any suggestions on how to address or debug this behavior would be highly appreciated. Thank you!
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966
Oct ’25
Network.framework UDP requiredLocalEndpoint/allowLocalEndpointReuse still broken in macOS 26
Just tried to re-run the code below (previously discussed https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/747815) and filed as bug: https://feedbackassistant.apple.com/feedback/13678278 Still broken on macOS 26 first beta. Any chance anything can be done about this @eskimo? thanks, Martin import Foundation import Network let localPort: NWEndpoint.Port = 12345 var connections: [NWConnection] = [] func startFlow(remotePort: UInt16) { let params = NWParameters.udp params.allowLocalEndpointReuse = true params.requiredLocalEndpoint = NWEndpoint.hostPort(host: "0.0.0.0", port: localPort) let conn = NWConnection(host: "93.184.216.34", port: .init(rawValue: remotePort)!, using: params) conn.stateUpdateHandler = { newState in print("connection \(remotePort) did change state, new: \(newState)") } conn.start(queue: .main) connections.append(conn) } func main() { startFlow(remotePort: 23456) startFlow(remotePort: 23457) dispatchMain() } main()
Replies
2
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0
Views
105
Activity
Jun ’25
App occassionally crashing while connecting to public wifi
We are using the [NEHotspotHelper supportedNetworkInterfaces] to get the Wi-Fi interface in our app, but it occasionally crashes on some devices with the following stack trace: 0 CaptiveNetwork 0x0000000221d87a4c ServerConnectionGetHandlerQueue + 0 (ServerConnection.c:509) 1 CaptiveNetwork 0x0000000221d8577c CNPluginCopySupportedInterfaces + 180 (CNPlugin.c:457) 2 NetworkExtension 0x00000001b0446618 +[NEHotspotHelper supportedNetworkInterfaces] + 32 (NEHotspotHelper.m:563) It seems like the crash is happening on apple's api of supportedNetworkInterfaces. We would like to understand the cause of the crash.
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2
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0
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100
Activity
May ’25
How to Keep Cellular Data Active While Connected to a Local Hotspot for File Transfer?
Hi all, I’m developing a companion iOS app that connects to a device-created Wi-Fi hotspot to transfer videos or other files WebSocket. The challenge is: once the iPhone connects to this hotspot, it loses internet access because iOS routes all traffic through Wi-Fi. However, I’d like to keep the iPhone’s cellular data active and usable while staying connected to the local hotspot — so the app can access cloud APIs, or the user can continue using other apps that require internet access. I understand that iOS prioritizes Wi-Fi over cellular, but are there any supported workarounds or patterns (e.g., MFi programs, local-only Wi-Fi access, NEHotspotConfiguration behavior, etc.) that : • Using Wi-Fi only for local communication; • cellular to remain active for internet access. Any insights or Apple-recommended best practices would be greatly appreciated — especially any official references regarding MFi Accessory setup or NEHotspotConfiguration behavior in this context. Thanks in !
Replies
1
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0
Views
127
Activity
Jun ’25
Issue with Multicast Response via NWConnectionGroup Behind a Firewall
Hello Everyone, I’m working on a project that involves multicast communication between processes running on different devices within the same network. For all my Apple devices (macOS, iOS, etc.), I am using NWConnectionGroup, which listens on a multicast address "XX.XX.XX.XX" and a specific multicast port. The issue occurs when a requestor (such as a non-Apple process) sends a multicast request, and the server, which is a process running on an Apple device using NWConnectionGroup (the responder), attempts to reply. The problem is that the response is sent from a different ephemeral port rather than the port on which the multicast request was received. If the client is behind a firewall that blocks unsolicited traffic, the firewall only allows incoming packets on the same multicast port used for the initial request. Since the multicast response is sent from a different ephemeral port, the firewall blocks this response, preventing the requestor from receiving it. Questions: Is there a recommended approach within the NWConnectionGroup or Network.framework to ensure that responses to multicast requests are sent from the same port used for the request? Are there any best practices for handling multicast responses in scenarios where the requestor is behind a restrictive firewall? Any insights or suggestions on how to account for this behavior and ensure reliable multicast communication in such environments would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, Harshal
Replies
15
Boosts
1
Views
713
Activity
May ’25
QNE2TransparentProxyMac sample code
I'm working on a project that says it's to be based on the QNE2TransparentProxyMac sample code but don't have the original sample code. Can I get a pointer to the sample code and documentation please? Google search didn't find it for some reason. Thanks! Peter
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18
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0
Views
509
Activity
Aug ’25
how to set both protocols and `URLRequest` to `NSURLSessionWebSocketTask`
Hi there. How can I do for the title? URLRequest seems not to have property for protocols. NSURLSessionWebSocketTask seems to have either URLRequest or protocols, but have neither of them. What I want to do is setting both protocols and headers when using WebSocket. Should I use Network.framework instead?
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2
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0
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162
Activity
May ’25
NEHotspotNetwork headaches
I'm trying to use NEHotspotNetwork to configure an IoT. I've read all the issues that have plagued other developers when using this framework, and I was under the impression that bugs were filed and fixed. Here are my issues in hopes that someone can catch my bug, or has finally figured this out and it's not a bug in the framework with no immediate fix on the horizon. If I use the following code: let config = NEHotspotConfiguration(ssid: ssid) config.joinOnce = true KiniStatusBanner.shared.show(text: "Connecting to Kini", in: presentingVC.view) NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply(config) { error in DispatchQueue.main.async { if let nsError = error as NSError?, nsError.domain == NEHotspotConfigurationErrorDomain, nsError.code == NEHotspotConfigurationError.alreadyAssociated.rawValue { print("Already connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else if let error = error { // This doesn't happen print("❌ Failed to connect: \(error.localizedDescription)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Failed to Connect to Kini. Try again later.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) } else { // !!!! Most often, this is the path the code takes NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent { current in if let ssid = current?.ssid, ssid == self.ssid { log("✅✅ 1st attempt: connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else { // Dev forums talked about giving things a bit of time to settle and then try again DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 2) { NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent { current in if let ssid = current?.ssid, ssid == self.ssid { log("✅✅✅ 2nd attempt: connected to \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss() self.presentCaptivePortal(from: presentingVC, activationCode: activationCode) } else { log("❌❌❌ 2nd attempt: Failed to connect: \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Could not join Kini network. Try again.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) self.cleanupHotspot() DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 2) { print("cleanup again") self.cleanupHotspot() } } } } log("❌❌ 1st attempt: Failed to connect: \(self.ssid)") KiniStatusBanner.shared.update(text: "Could not join Kini network. Try again.") KiniStatusBanner.shared.dismiss(after: 2.5) self.cleanupHotspot() } As you can see, one can't just use NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply and has to double-check to make sure that it actually succeeds, by checking to see if the SSID desired, matches the one that the device is using. Ok, but about 50% of the time, the call to NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent gives me this error: NEHotspotNetwork nehelper sent invalid result code [1] for Wi-Fi information request Well, there is a workaround for that randomness too. At some point before calling this code, one can: let locationManager = CLLocationManager() locationManager.requestWhenInUseAuthorization() That eliminates the NEHotspotNetwork nehelper sent invalid result code [1] for Wi-Fi information request BUT... three issues. The user is presented with an authorization alert: Allow "Kini" to use your location? This app needs access to you Wi-Fi name to connect to your Kini device. Along with a map with a location pin on it. This gives my users a completely wrong impression, especially for a device/app where we promise users not to track their location. They actually see a map with their location pinned on it, implying something that would freak out anyone who was expecting no tracking. I understand why an authorization is normally required, but since all we are getting is our own IoT's SSID, there should be no need for an authorization for this, and no map associated with the request. Again, they are accessing my IoT's network, NOT their home/location Wi-Fi SSID. My app already knows and specifies that network, and all I am trying to do is to work around a bug that makes it look like I have a successful return from NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.apply() when in fact the network I was looking for wasn't even on. Not only do I get instances where the network doesn't connect, and result codes show no errors, but I also get instances where I get an alert that says that the network is unreachable, yet my IoT shows that the app is connected to its Wi-Fi. On the iOS device, I go to the Wi-Fi settings, and see that I am on the IoT's network. So basically, sometimes I connect, but the frameworks says that there is no connection, and sometimes it reports a connection when there is none. As you can see in the code, I call cleanupHotspot() to make the iOS device get off of my temp Wi-Fi SSID. This is the code: func cleanupHotspot() { NEHotspotConfigurationManager.shared.removeConfiguration(forSSID: ssid) } That code gets called by the above code when things aren't as I expect and need to cleanup. And I also call it when the user dismisses the viewcontroller that is attempting to make the connection. It doesn't always work. I get stuck on the tempo SSID, unless I go through this whole thing again: try to make the connection again, this time it succeeds quickly, and then I can disconnect. Any ideas? I'm on iOS18.5, and have tried this on multiple iPhones including 11, 13 and 16.
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Activity
Nov ’25
Bonjour for discovering a specific device's ip
Hi, I'm new to swift programming and right now writing an app for esp8266-controlled lamp device. My lamp is broadcasting it's own IP through bonjour. So all I want is to discover any lamps in my network (http.tcp) and to read name and value. Is there any example of such implementation? All I found so far is old or a lit bit complicated for such simple question. Thanks in advance!
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28
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16k
Activity
Dec ’25
IOS App tcp connect and local network permission
Recently, my application was having trouble connecting socket using TCP protocol after it was reinstalled. The cause of the problem was initially that I did not grant local network permissions when I reinstalled, I was aware of the problem, so socket connect interface worked fine after I granted permissions. However, the next time I repeat the previous operation, I also do not grant local network permissions, and then turn it back on in the Settings, and socket connect interfcae does not work properly (connect interface return errno 65, the system version and code have not changed). Fortunately, socket connect success after rebooting the phone, and more importantly, I was able to repeat the problem many times. So I want to know if the process between when I re-uninstall the app and deny local network permissions, and when I turn it back on in Settings, is that permissions have been granted normally, and not fake, and not required a reboot to reset something for socket coonnect to take effect.
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5
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290
Activity
Jun ’25
NEFilterDataProvider + NEFilterControlProvider not catching in-app requests
Goal : Block all outbound connections to a static list of hosts (both In-app requests and WKWebView/Safari). App & both extensions have Network Extension entitlement with content-filter-provider and filter-control-provider What’s working: Safari and WKWebView requests matching the block list are dropped. What’s broken: In-app traffic never reaches the Data Provider—those requests always succeed. Setup: • NEFilterProviderConfiguration with both Data & Control providers, filterBrowsers = true, filterSockets = true • Data Provider implements handleNewFlow for socket/browser flows • Control Provider implements handleNewFlow for browser flows • Enabled via saveToPreferences() and toggled ON in Settings
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3
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119
Activity
Jun ’25
Could not delete cookies on IOS18
Hello, I have encountered an issue with an iPhone 15PM with iOS 18.5. The NSHTTPCookieStorage failed to clear cookies, after clearing them, I was still able to retrieve them. However, on the same system NSHTTPCookie *cookie; NSHTTPCookieStorage *storage = [NSHTTPCookieStorage sharedHTTPCookieStorage]; for (cookie in [storage cookies]) { [storage deleteCookie:cookie]; } NSArray *cookies = [[NSHTTPCookieStorage sharedHTTPCookieStorage] cookiesForURL:[[self url] absoluteURL]]; // still able to get cookies,why???
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127
Activity
Jun ’25
DeviceDiscoveryUI notification for iPad says iPhone?
I have been polishing an app that connects and communicates between a tvOS app I created and a iPadOS app that I also created. Connection works fantastic! However, for some reason when the user selects the button to open the DevicePicker provided by this API and then selects a iPad device the notification that comes across the the iPad reads, "Connect your Apple TV to "AppName" on this iPhone. Is this a bug or am I missing some configuration in maybe Info.plist or a modifier I need to add the DevicePicker for it to communicate the proper device identification? I have everything setup in both app Info.plist files to connect and work fine, but the notification saying iPhone on an iPad is sadly a small detail I would love to change. So...not sure if I found a bug or if I am missing something.
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437
Activity
May ’25
Extracting IP with swift on visionOS
Hey everyone, I’m developing an app for visionOS where I need to display the Apple Vision Pro’s current IP address. For this I’m using the following code, which works for iOS, macOS, and visionOS in the simulator. Only on a real Apple Vision Pro it’s unable to extract an IP. Could it be that visionOS currently doesn’t allow this? Have any of you had the same experience and found a workaround? var address: String = "no ip" var ifaddr: UnsafeMutablePointer<ifaddrs>? = nil if getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == 0 { var ptr = ifaddr while ptr != nil { defer { ptr = ptr?.pointee.ifa_next } let interface = ptr?.pointee let addrFamily = interface?.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_family if addrFamily == UInt8(AF_INET) { if let name: Optional<String> = String(cString: (interface?.ifa_name)!), name == "en0" { var hostname = [CChar](repeating: 0, count: Int(NI_MAXHOST)) getnameinfo(interface?.ifa_addr, socklen_t((interface?.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_len)!), &hostname, socklen_t(hostname.count), nil, socklen_t(0), NI_NUMERICHOST) address = String(cString: hostname) } } } freeifaddrs(ifaddr) } return address } Thanks in advance for any insights or tips! Best Regards, David
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184
Activity
Jun ’25
Getting WIFI SSID
Greetings I'm trying to get on iPad the SSID from the wifi I'm connected to. For that, I added the wifi entitlement and I'm requesting permission to the user for Location. Once I have it, I'm using the function CNCopySupportedInterfaces to get the interfaces, but I can only receive the en0, which using the method CNCopyCurrentNetworkInfo returns nil. I also tried using the NEHotspotNetwork.fetchCurrent and the SSID keeps being nil. So right now I'm drawing a blank. Is there any way to make it work? Thanks.
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544
Activity
May ’25
Unable to Intercept Inbound Traffic on macOS Using Network Extensions
Hi all, I have a requirement to intercept and modify inbound connections on macOS. For example, if I’m running a server on TCP port 8080 on macOS, I want to intercept all traffic to and from this port. I’m open to working at the level of TCP flows or even raw Ethernet packets, depending on what’s feasible. I’m already successfully using NETransparentProxy to intercept outbound traffic, but I haven’t found a way to handle inbound connections using any of the Network Extension APIs. Is there any supported or alternative approach for intercepting inbound traffic (via NE, NKEs, PF, or something else)? Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance!
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144
Activity
Jun ’25
Crashes in NEFilterPacketInterpose createChannel
Hello, Our users are seeing random crashes in our packet filter system extension on macOS. Any help pointing me in the right direction to either avoid the issue or fix it would be greatly appreciated. Attached is the crash log. Thank you. packetfilter.crash Crashed Thread: 2 Dispatch queue: com.apple.network.connections Exception Type: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGBUS) Exception Codes: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at 0x0000000112918700 Exception Note: EXC_CORPSE_NOTIFY Termination Signal: Bus error: 10 Termination Reason: Namespace SIGNAL, Code 0xa Terminating Process: exc handler [40687] ... Thread 2 Crashed:: Dispatch queue: com.apple.network.connections 0 libsystem_kernel.dylib 0x00007fff2089b46e os_channel_get_next_slot + 230 1 com.apple.NetworkExtension 0x00007fff2e2e2643 __40-[NEFilterPacketInterpose createChannel]_block_invoke + 560 2 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20718806 _dispatch_client_callout + 8 3 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff2071b1b0 _dispatch_continuation_pop + 423 4 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff2072b564 _dispatch_source_invoke + 2061 5 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20720318 _dispatch_workloop_invoke + 1784 6 libdispatch.dylib 0x00007fff20728c0d _dispatch_workloop_worker_thread + 811 7 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff208bf45d _pthread_wqthread + 314 8 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff208be42f start_wqthread + 15
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Activity
Jun ’25
WebAuthenticationSession under a carrier-provided satellite network?
(related post: How to optimize my app for for a carrier-provided satellite network? ) I am trying to implement an app so that it works under a carrier-provided satellite network. The app uses (AS)WebAuthenticationSession for signing in. If the app is entitled to access a satellite network, will (AS)WebAuthenticationSession work as well? How about WKWebView and SFSafariViewController? Is there a way to test(simulate) a ultra-constrained network on a device or a simulator to see the expected behavior? Thanks,
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485
Activity
Jul ’25
URLSession download looping indefinitely until it times out
Hi, I’m trying to download a remote file in the background, but I keep getting a strange behaviour where URLSession download my file indefinitely during a few minutes, without calling urlSession(_:downloadTask:didFinishDownloadingTo:) until the download eventually times out. To find out that it’s looping, I’ve observed the total bytes written on disk by implementing urlSession(_:downloadTask:didWriteData:totalBytesWritten:totalBytesExpectedToWrite:). Note that I can't know the size of the file. The server is not able to calculate the size. Below is my implementation. I create an instance of URLSession like this: private lazy var session: URLSession = { let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.background(withIdentifier: backgroundIdentifier) configuration.isDiscretionary = false configuration.sessionSendsLaunchEvents = true return URLSession(configuration: configuration, delegate: self, delegateQueue: nil) }() My service is using async/await so I have implemented an AsyncThrowingStream : private var downloadTask: URLSessionDownloadTask? private var continuation: AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt;.Continuation? private var stream: AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt; { AsyncThrowingStream&lt;(URL, URLResponse), Error&gt; { continuation in self.continuation = continuation self.continuation?.onTermination = { @Sendable [weak self] data in self?.downloadTask?.cancel() } downloadTask?.resume() } } Then to start the download, I do : private func download(with request: URLRequest) async throws -&gt; (URL, URLResponse) { do { downloadTask = session.downloadTask(with: request) for try await (url, response) in stream { return (url, response) } throw NetworkingError.couldNotBuildRequest } catch { throw error } } Then in the delegate : public func urlSession(_ session: URLSession, downloadTask: URLSessionDownloadTask, didFinishDownloadingTo location: URL) { guard let response = downloadTask.response, downloadTask.error == nil, (response as? HTTPURLResponse)?.statusCode == 200 else { continuation?.finish(throwing: downloadTask.error) return } do { let documentsURL = try FileManager.default.url(for: .documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask, appropriateFor: nil, create: false) let savedURL = documentsURL.appendingPathComponent(location.lastPathComponent) try FileManager.default.moveItem(at: location, to: savedURL) continuation?.yield((savedURL, response)) continuation?.finish() } catch { continuation?.finish(throwing: error) } } I also tried to replace let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.background(withIdentifier: backgroundIdentifier) by let configuration = URLSessionConfiguration.default and this time I get a different error at the end of the download: Task &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt; failed strict content length check - expected: 0, received: 530692, received (uncompressed): 0 Task &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt; finished with error [-1005] Error Domain=NSURLErrorDomain Code=-1005 "The network connection was lost." UserInfo={NSLocalizedDescription=The network connection was lost., NSErrorFailingURLStringKey=https:/&lt;host&gt;:8190/proxy?Func=downloadVideoByUrl&amp;SessionId=slufzwrMadvyJad8Lkmi9RUNAeqeq, NSErrorFailingURLKey=https://&lt;host&gt;:8190/proxy?Func=downloadVideoByUrl&amp;SessionId=slufzwrMadvyJad8Lkmi9RUNAeqeq, _NSURLErrorRelatedURLSessionTaskErrorKey=( "LocalDownloadTask &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt;" ), _NSURLErrorFailingURLSessionTaskErrorKey=LocalDownloadTask &lt;0457F755-9C52-4CFB-BDB2-F378D0C94912&gt;.&lt;1&gt;, NSUnderlyingError=0x300d9a7c0 {Error Domain=kCFErrorDomainCFNetwork Code=-1005 "(null)" UserInfo={NSErrorPeerAddressKey=&lt;CFData 0x302139db0 [0x1fcb1f598]&gt;{length = 16, capacity = 16, bytes = 0x10021ffe91e227500000000000000000}}}} The log "failed strict content length check” made me look into the response header, which has the following: content-length: 0 Content-Type: application/force-download Transfer-encoding: chunked Connection: KEEP-ALIVE Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary So it should be fine the way I setup my URLSession. The download works fine in Chrome/Safari/Chrome or Postman. My code used to work a couple of weeks before, so I expect something has changed on the server side, but I can’t find what, and I don’t get much help from the guys on the server side. Has anyone an idea of what’s going on?
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Activity
May ’25
Local Network Permission Inconsistencies in iOS 17.x and 18.x (Tested on iOS 18.6 beta)
We are developing an IoT companion app that connects to the IoT device's Wi-Fi network and communicates with it through local network APIs. To support this functionality, we have: Added the necessary keys in the Info.plist. NSLocalNetworkUsageDescription , NSBonjourServices Used a Bonjour service at app launch to trigger the local network permission prompt. Problem on iOS 18.x (including 18.6 beta) Even when the user explicitly denies the local network permission, our API communication still works. This is unexpected behavior, as we assume denying permission should restrict access to local network communication. We tested this with the latest iOS 18.6 beta (as per Thread 789461021), but the issue still persists. This behavior raises concerns about inconsistent permission enforcement in iOS 18.x. Problem on iOS 17.x In iOS 17.x, if the user accidentally denies the local network permission and later enables it manually via Settings, the change does not take effect immediately. The app cannot access the local network unless the device is restarted, which results in a confusing and poor user experience. Expected Behavior If local network permission is denied, local API communication should be strictly blocked. If the permission is later enabled via Settings, the app should regain access without requiring a device restart. Request We request clarification and resolution on: Why local network APIs are accessible even when permission is denied on iOS 18.x. Whether the delayed permission update (requiring restart) in iOS 17.x is expected or a known issue. Best practices to ensure consistent and predictable permission handling across iOS versions.
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Activity
Jun ’25
DNS Proxy Provider remains active after app uninstall | iOS
Hi, I've encountered a strange behavior in the DNS Proxy Provider extension. Our app implements both DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers extensions, configured via MDM. When the app is uninstalled, the behavior of the providers differs: For Content Filter Providers (both Filter Control and Filter Data Providers), the providers stop as expected with the stop reason: /** @const NEProviderStopReasonProviderDisabled The provider was disabled. */ case providerDisabled = 5 However, for the DNS Proxy Provider, the provider remains in the "Running" state, even though there is no app available to match the provider's bundle ID in the uploaded configuration profile. When the app is reinstalled: The Content Filter Providers start as expected. The DNS Proxy Provider stops with the stop reason: /** @const NEProviderStopReasonAppUpdate The NEProvider is being updated */ @available(iOS 13.0, *) case appUpdate = 16 At this point, the DNS Proxy Provider remains in an 'Invalid' state. Reinstalling the app a second time seems to resolve the issue, with both the DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers starting as expected. This issue seems to occur only if some time has passed after the DNS Proxy Provider entered the 'Running' state. It appears as though the system retains a stale configuration for the DNS Proxy Provider, even after the app has been removed. Steps to reproduce: Install the app and configure both DNS Proxy Provider and Content Filter Providers using MDM. Uninstall the app. Content Filter Providers are stopped as expected (NEProviderStopReason.providerDisabled = 5). DNS Proxy Provider remains in the 'Running' state. Reinstall the app. Content Filter Providers start as expected. DNS Proxy Provider stops with NEProviderStopReason.appUpdate (16) and remains 'Invalid'. Reinstall the app again. DNS Proxy Provider now starts as expected. This behavior raises concerns about how the system manages the lifecycle of DNS Proxy Provider, because DNS Proxy Provider is matched with provider bundle id in .mobileconfig file. Has anyone else experienced this issue? Any suggestions on how to address or debug this behavior would be highly appreciated. Thank you!
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22
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966
Activity
Oct ’25