Solved. The following approach worked.
In post-build.bash:
mkdir -p ~/.appstoreconnect/private_keys
printf '%b' "$CONNECT_API_KEY" > ~/.appstoreconnect/private_keys/AuthKey_${API_KEY_ID}.p8
if [ ! -f ~/.appstoreconnect/private_keys/AuthKey_${API_KEY_ID}.p8 ]; then
Unity Cloud Build (Build Automation) → Advanced Options → Environment Variables → Variable value for CONNECT_API_KEY:
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nMIIEv...\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
Topic:
App Store Distribution & Marketing
SubTopic:
App Store Connect API