I may have answered my own question, looking at at the logs... the process seems to crash after the Mach-O analysis process starts. There are Mach-O binaries as part of the app's resources, and it looks like I may need to remove them. Does this sound like a good reason for an App Sandboxed app to crash? Again, without the App Sandbox everything seems to work fine without crashing on launch.

Update: using syspolicy_check notary-submission I was able to find the binaries in my app and include them for signing in my build process. This seems to have fixed this issue.