The solution is to use inside a package a public protocol with a type constraint and declare the type to conform to the protocol. Now you get the documentation you want.
It is a cleaner solution than just using an extension.
Example:
import Foundation
// The extension:
public protocol FileManagerExtension: FileManager { }
extension FileManager: FileManagerExtension { } // I don't know why this doesn't have to be public!
// The new function:
public extension FileManagerExtension {
/// My new function.
/// - Returns: 42.
func myNewFuntion() -> Int { return 42 }
}