Ok, so I realized there was one thing I didn't try, and it worked.
These are the steps I took:
I searched in Settings for "beta", which brought up the beta options
"Off" was my only option in there
Clicked on the Apple ID at the bottom of the pane (my dev account) and opted to choose a different ID
I entered the same Apple ID again
Options immediately showed back up for the beta tracks
Topic:
Developer Tools & Services
SubTopic:
Apple Developer Program
Tags: