Thanks for the reply, DTS Engineer! I came back to this post on my spring break, and I was surprised I got a reply from an actual Apple employee! 😁 I filed a request. The number is: FB16454796 Thanks very much for your attention in this matter!

You can install Python, install the super easy-to-use O365 library using python3 -m pip install O365 and write a script that calls that library. The library uses Microsoft's API directly. You can learn more about the library here.

You can simply use the "Share" button in the Shortcuts app to get an iCloud link to your Shortcut, allowing anyone with the link to install, run and edit your Shortcut.