Finally, I found the solution to my Apple Developer enrollment issue after 2+ months of frustration.
In my case, the Apple Account I was using had previously been used to sign in to Apple Developer from another system, including Windows.
I created a completely new email and Apple Account, started the Developer enrollment again, and it finally worked.
This solved my issue. Hopefully it helps someone else facing the same problem.
Topic:
Developer Tools & Services
SubTopic:
Apple Developer Program