C++ doesn’t have any sort of package manager
It has vcpkg, but that's not an Apple product so it doesn't exist apparently. You might be able to just vcpkg install libjxl --triplet=arm64-ios, or something.
Not that I use it. The stack of package manager (vcpkg) --> build system (cmake) --> low-level build system (make) --> compiler (clang) tries to make things easier for you by hiding the details of the lower levels behind easier-to-use higher levels. But in my experience, they rarely succeed at that; you inevitably get an error from a lower level that is impossible to relate to the higher-level command that you actually ran. Learning vcpkg doesn't remove the need to understand, and be able to debug, cmake, make and the compiler. The same is true of autotools and to some extent xcode. Package managers, IMO, work well for binaries i.e. homebrew or dpkg, and maybe for interpretted languages, e.g. npm, but not really for compiled languages.